Regional Dialect and Social Dialect

SOCIOLINGUISTICS

Regional Dialect and Social Dialect

of Gambler Community in Freedom Studio Music Caruban

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A.    Background

Caruban is a developing town. A lot of people from around East Java come to this town. They come to the Caruban for reasons, to find a job, settle a house, and more. Those people who come to Caruban also bring their previous culture in form of language. We can found that Caruban is not only inhabited by “the original caruban people” (who born and live in Caruban) but also inhabited by another people who come from another place around East Java and maybe around Indonesia. Language is one indicator that can be used to indicate where people come from. We know that most of Caruban people are speak Javanese. Then, how we can determine which one is a “pure-caruban-people” and which one is “half-blood-caruban-people”? The answer is simple (without being simplistic); we can use dialect to support our analysis.

As we know, there are two kind of dialect; regional dialect and social dialect. Regional dialects involve features of pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar which differ according to the geographical area the speakers come from. The dialect of Surabaya people with Jember people or Caruban people is different though they use the same language, Javanese. Prototype of Caruban people is almost same with the Madiun’s people. That is the reason why we can use regional dialect to find out where someone is come from. Social dialect is distinguished by feature of pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar according to the social group of the speaker. Meanwhile, social group is usually determined by range of features, such as education, occupation, resident area and income level. So, people who come from different social groups speak different social dialects if the use different words, pronunciation, and grammatical features. This thing is also happen in Caruban. There are various kinds of social groups in this town. One of a kind is Gambler group which exists in Freedom Studio Music Caruban. This gambler group is consisting of people who come from around East Java. With this reason, researcher wants to conduct a research on “Regional Dialect and Social Dialect of Gambler in Freedom Studio Music Caruban”

B.     Research Question

Based on above explanation, researcher has two research questions in this study that will give guidance in conducting this research as follows;

1.    Is there any feature of regional dialect which is used by the gambler in Freedom studio music Caruban?

2.    Is there any feature of social dialect which is used by the gambler in Freedom studio music Caruban?

C.    Goals and Objectives

Researcher has goals to answer all the question of this research as follows;

1.    to prove that there are features of regional dialect used by the gambler in Freedom studio music Caruban

2.    to prove that there are features of social dialect which is used by the gambler in Freedom studio music Caruban.

D.    Limitation of the Study

The researcher limits this study on the pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar of Regional Dialect and Social Dialect

CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

A.    Language Varieties

It is very natural that two persons from the same speech community, for example the East Java, seem to use a little bit different pronunciation and even grammar in their communication. They actually use the Javanese language as they are still able to understand each other. The differences in pronunciation and grammar of a language do not lead to the existence of two distinct languages, but they are only varieties of a language. Variety can be defined as a set of linguistic items including pronunciation, words, and grammar with similar distribution associated with geographical or social factors. According to Wardhaugh, variety is defined in terms of a specific set of linguistic items or human speech patterns presumably, sound, words, and grammatical features which can uniquely associate with some external factors presumably a geographical area or a social group (Wardhaugh, 2006: 22).

The Javanese language that is geographically used by the people from East Java and Central Java varies according to the users’ regions and social classes. Seen from the region where the people stay, Javanese language has several varieties. For most people from East Java, the language they use is partially characterized by the sound /ó/ dominance (different pronunciation), low style, vocabulary, grammar, and no honorifics. This variety is named as ngoko biasa as in kowé mangan opo? (What are you eating?); In the other hand, the people who live in the central Java, their language is partially characterized by the sound /a/ dominance (different pronunciation), low and high style, vocabulary, grammar, and low and high honorifics. This variety is called as ngoko sae/madya and kromo as in sampéjan maem nopo? (What are you eating). For the people who have a higher social class, the language is partially characterized by the high style and honorifics as in panjenengan dahar menópó (What are you eating).This variety is called krama inggil. Javanese social status is reflected not just in choice of linguistic forms but also in the particular combination of forms which each social group customarily uses, i.e. the varieties or stylistic levels that together make up the group’s distinctive dialect. as the word “you” can be said in three different way (kowé, sampéjan, pandjenengan), the word “eat” can be said in three different words (mangan, maem, dahar), another example which taken from Geertz in Holmes, is the word “now” which said in three different Javanese word (Saiki, Saniki, Samenika)

The varieties of a language that differ in some of pronunciation, words, and grammars from the others are known as dialect. Hudson in Wardhaugh defines a variety of language as ‘a set of linguistic items with similar distribution,’ A variety can therefore be something greater than a single language as well as something less, less even than something traditionally referred to as a dialect. The dialect which is associated with regional factors is called regional dialect. Regional dialects involve features of pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar which differ according to the geographical area the speakers come from. The other one which is associated with social class status is known as social dialect. Social dialect is distinguished by feature of pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar according to the social group of the speaker. Those two things above highly affected by social class and social status. Teacher does not talk like office cleaners, lawyers do not speak in the same way as the gambler did. People from different social class and social status speak differently.

CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS

Pronunciation as part of Regional Dialect used by the Gambler

(03:00-03:02) “Edy ketok é ra tau main yo uaaaangél lo, tenan!…”

Madiun people often use longer vowel in a word to create comparative and sometime hyperbole meaning toward the word pronounced. For example, the word “angél” (Difficult) which pronounced “uangéééél” has a same meaning with “more difficult” or “uaaaaanguuuuél” has a same meaning with “most difficult”. Degrees of comparison in Madiun people are indicated with the stretch of the vowel inside a word.

Positive	Angél	Difficult
Comparative	Uangél	More difficult
Superlative	Uuaaaanguuuuuél	Most difficult

Table 1

As the feature of regional dialect, pronunciation also bring grammatical rule. This is happen on the Madiun people speech. From the table one, we could see that the word “angél” which is pronounced in different way will creates another meaning, in this case will showing the degrees of comparison. This thing is only happen in Madiun people and in several places near Madiun. Caruban which is very close with Madiun is highly affected with this pronunciation. Some people in Caruban often use this pronunciation in their speech. Regional variation in the way a language is spoken is likely to provide one of the easiest ways of observing variety in language.

Accent as part of Regional Dialect used by the Gambler

(04:47-04:50) “Biasane wes tau menang tapi gak tau nóthók yo gak skill aku…”

The bold-italicized word commonly pronounced “nuthók” by some people in Caruban and Madiun region. But here, the researcher found that the word “nuthók” is pronounced “Nóthók”. This word is pronounced by a man named Gunawan. The researcher tries to find out who Gunawan is. Then the researcher found several facts about Gunawan. Gunawan comes from outside of Caruban and Madiun region. He comes from Jombang. That is the reason why the word “nuthók” is pronounced “Nóthók”. People in the Eastern part of East java sometimes replace the vowel “u” with “ó” (see table 2). This is proving that regional dialect is a massive thing that cannot be replaced easily by exposing a new dialect in new place. Researcher gets a fact that Gunawan had live in Caruban for 2 years but his accent never change. His “Eastern East Java accent” still exists in every speech he made.

Word	Western part of East Java	Eastern part of East Java
Nuthók	Nuthók	Nóthók
Njupók	Njupók	Njópók
Nguyóh	Nguyóh	Ngóyóh

Table 2

Word or vocabulary as part of Social Dialect used by the Gambler

(09:40-09:43) …Lha ngitét yo..

ngitét is another word which has same meaning with “Njupuk” “Njikuk” (take). But the word “ngitét” is only used in gambling. The word “ngitét” can be said as the register in this social group (community of gambler). That word is rarely used in a daily life. That word is not interchangeable like the word “Njupuk” which can replace the word “Njikuk”. Here is the example;

1.      Aku wes njupuk kartu 2.      Aku wes njikuk kartu 3.      Aku wes ngitét kartu	I have already take the card
1.      Aku wes njupuk mobil 2.      Aku wes njikuk mobil 3.      Aku wes ngitét mobil*	I have already take the car

Table 3

*3^rd sentence is not acceptable because of selectional restriction.

The word “ngitét” is neither a register nor slang. That word is a variety of the word “njupuk”. The existence of this word is due to the social dialect. This social group (gambler community) uses this word in a card game. In a different social group, the word “ngitét” sometimes never be used.

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

As we have seen, many varieties of language exist and each language exists in a number of guises. However, languages do not vary in every possible way. It is still quite possible to listen to an individual speaker and infer very specific things about that speaker after hearing relatively little of his or her speech. The interesting problem is accounting for our ability to do that.

The existence of different varieties is interesting in still another respect. While each of us may have productive control over only a very few varieties of a language, we can usually comprehend many more varieties and relate all of these to the concept of a ‘single language.’ That is, our receptive linguistic ability is much greater than our productive linguistic ability. An interesting problem for linguists is knowing how best to characterize this ‘knowledge’ that we have which enables us to recognize something as being in the language but yet marked as ‘different’ in some way.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wardhaugh, Ronald (2006) An Introduction to Sociolinguistic (Fifth Edition); Blackwell Publishing

Holmes, Janet; An Introduction to Sociolinguistic (Second Edition); Longman

Data is taken on Wednesday, 4^th January 2012 between 22:13 pm until 22.27 pm. Original data is in video mp4 format file which is taken by using Samsung GT B3210. Video’s duration is 14 minutes and 29 seconds.


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